2.2 Complications with existing studies
Since dowry is legally blocked from inside the Asia and you can Bangladesh, anybody constantly think twice to reveal accurate dowry quantity. The standard matter towards dowry throughout the Indian dataset asks throughout the community-mainly based dowry. Such, this new India People Creativity Survey asks “Essentially in the area for a family such yours, what are the sorts of things that are supplied because the presents during this new daughter’s matrimony?” A residential district-dependent dowry is not the identical to a single dowry, that’s paid down by bride’s mothers during relationships. Instead, practical question regarding dowry allows simply a digital answer, we.elizabeth., regardless if an optimistic quantity of dowry are paid down (e.grams., Survey for the Reputation of women and you can Fertility in Asia and Pakistan). A digital address, needless to say, cannot promote far additional information. Standard out of whether or not an optimistic dowry count is offered matches to, that will be mainly explained of the, where to meet catholic single women ethnic, religious, and you will caste backgrounds for the Southern area Asia.
Because the dowry is not legitimately blocked from inside the Pakistan, the amount personally paid off of the women respondent’s mothers are going to be asked instead of reservation for the good Pakistani dataset including the Pakistan Outlying Domestic Questionnaire. Although Pakistani interviewees might not purposefully keep hidden correct information regarding dowry strategies, the new survey will get however consist of recall errors just like the respondents need to bear in mind brand new dowry count reduced because of the its mothers previously. Contour 1a plots of land new predicted level of actual dowry viewpoints counted inside the Pakistani Rupees into the 2004 onto wedding year using analysis of the new Pakistan Rural House Survey. Due to the fact consensus would be the fact genuine dowry quantity is actually expanding, or perhaps exhibit a low-declining trend, the latest shape means the entire interest from keep in mind problems. Put another way, the expanded the fresh new pit within interviewees’ matrimony therefore the keep in mind time, the much more likely he’s to help you overestimate the newest dowry count.
Relationship anywhere between women’s ounts. This new line suggests the fresh predict actual quantity of dowry regressed towards ladies’ marriage seasons. The new shady urban area reveals 95% rely on interval of your own predicted level of dowry. The knowledge types of (a) and you can (b) is actually Pakistan Rural Household Questionnaire 2004, additionally the outlying family survey presented because of the publisher for the 2013, respectively
step three Research
Into the good all of our degree, data accumulated contained in this study will be the basic to consider clearly a general tendency to overestimate a price reduced extended ago. Just like the properties from previously compiled data, ours are retrospective; yet not, based on that it interest, we for example observed specific jobs to reduce survey bear in mind problems. Like, we asked for the degree of both people-established dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry count paid back at the time of the latest respondent’s matrimony (retrospective). Because Pakistani dowry includes silver/accessories, dresses, chairs, cooking utensils, etc, i queried dowry number by goods. If we thought an effective respondent’s overestimation of your own dowry count, especially in your situation out of a wedding one happened a very long time in the past, because dowry are displayed, we can and you may did view these wide variety with those who attended the fresh service. For that reason, our very own research on predicted real degrees of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not reveal one coming down pattern, alternatively which have those individuals advertised in the Fig. 1a.
step 3.step one Survey
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).